Andrés Bonifacio, Filipino Revolutionary Leader

Andrà ©s Bonifacio (November 30, 1863–May 10, 1897) was a leader of the Philippine Revolution and the president of the Tagalog Republic, a short-lived government in the Philippines. Through his work, Bonifacio helped the Philippines break free from Spanish colonial rule. His story is still remembered in the Philippines today. Fast Facts: Andrà ©s Bonifacio Known For: Leader of the Philippine RevolutionAlso Known As: Andrà ©s Bonifacio y de CastroBorn: November 30, 1863 in Manila, PhilippinesParents: Santiago Bonifacio and Catalina de CastroDied: May 10, 1897 in Maragondon, PhilippinesSpouse(s): Monica of Palomar (m. 1880-1890), Gregoria de Jesà ºs (m. 1893-1897)Children: Andres de Jesà ºs Bonifacio, Jr. Early Life Andrà ©s Bonifacio y de Castro was born on November 30, 1863, in Tondo, Manila. His father Santiago was a tailor, local politician, and boatman who operated a river-ferry. His mother Catalina de Castro was employed in a cigarette-rolling factory. The couple worked extremely hard to support Andrà ©s and his five younger siblings, but in 1881 Catalina caught tuberculosis and died. The following year, Santiago also became ill and passed away. At the age of 19, Bonifacio was forced to give up plans for higher education and begin working full-time to support his orphaned younger siblings. He worked for the British trading company J.M. Fleming Co. as a broker, or corredor, for local raw materials such as tar and rattan. He later moved to the German firm Fressell Co., where he worked as a bodeguero, or grocer. Family Life Bonifacios tragic family history during his youth seems to have followed him into adulthood. He married twice but had no surviving children at the time of his death. His first wife Monica came from the Palomar neighborhood of Bacoor. She died young of leprosy (Hansens disease). Bonifacios second wife Gregoria de Jesus came from the Calookan area of Metro Manila. They married when he was 29 and she was just 18; their only child, a son, died in infancy. Establishment of Katipunan In 1892, Bonifacio joined Jose Rizals organization La Liga Filipina, which called for reform of the Spanish colonial regime in the Philippines. The group met only once, however, since Spanish officials arrested Rizal immediately after the first meeting and deported him to the southern island of Mindanao. After Rizals arrest and deportation, Bonifacio and others revived La Liga to maintain pressure on the Spanish government to free the Philippines. Along with his friends Ladislao Diwa and Teodoro Plata, however, he also founded a group called Katipunan. Katipunan, or Kataastaasang Kagalannalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (literally Highest and Most Respected Society of the Children of the Country), was dedicated to armed resistance against the colonial government. Made up mostly of people from the middle and lower classes, the Katipunan organization soon established regional branches in a number of provinces across the Philippines. In 1895, Bonifacio became the top leader, or Presidente Supremo, of the Katipunan. Along with his friends Emilio Jacinto and Pio Valenzuela, Bonifacio published a newspaper called the Kalayaan, or Freedom. Under Bonifacios leadership in 1896, Katipunan grew from about 300 members to more than 30,000. With a militant mood sweeping the nation and a multi-island network in place, Bonifacios organization was prepared to start fighting for freedom from Spain. Philippine Revolution Over the summer of 1896, the Spanish colonial government began to realize that the Philippines was on the verge of revolt. On August 19, authorities tried to preempt the uprising by arresting hundreds of people and jailing them under charges of treason. Some of those swept up were genuinely involved in the movement, but many were not. Among those arrested was Jose Rizal, who was on a ship in Manila Bay waiting to ship out for service as a military doctor in Cuba (this was part of his plea bargain with the Spanish government, in exchange for his release from prison in Mindanao). Bonifacio and two friends dressed up as sailors and made their way onto the ship and tried to convince Rizal to escape with them, but he refused; he was later put on trial in a Spanish kangaroo court and executed. Bonifacio kicked off the revolt by leading thousands of his followers to tear up their community tax certificates, or cedulas. This signaled their refusal to pay any more taxes to the Spanish colonial regime. Bonifacio named himself president and commander-in-chief of the Philippines revolutionary government, declaring the nations independence from Spain on August 23. He issued a manifesto, dated August 28, 1896, calling for all towns to rise simultaneously and attack Manila, and sent generals to lead the rebel forces in this offensive. Attack on San Juan del Monte Bonifacio himself led an attack on the town of San Juan del Monte, intent on capturing Manilas metro water station and the powder magazine from the Spanish garrison. Although they were vastly outnumbered, the Spanish troops inside managed to hold off Bonifacios forces until reinforcements arrived. Bonifacio was forced to withdraw to Marikina, Montalban, and San Mateo; his group suffered heavy casualties. Elsewhere, other Katipunan groups attacked Spanish troops all around Manila. By early September, the revolution was spreading across the country. Fighting Intensifies As Spain pulled all its resources back to defend the capital at Manila, rebel groups in other areas began to sweep up the token Spanish resistance left behind. The group in Cavite (a peninsula south of the capital, jutting into Manila Bay), had the greatest success in driving the Spanish out. Cavites rebels were led by an upper-class politician called Emilio Aguinaldo. By October of 1896, Aguinaldos forces held most of the peninsula. Bonifacio led a separate faction from Morong, about 35 miles east of Manila. The third group under Mariano Llanera was based in Bulacan, north of the capital. Bonifacio appointed generals to establish bases in the mountains all over Luzon island. Despite his earlier military reverses, Bonifacio personally led an attack on Marikina, Montalban, and San Mateo. Although he initially succeeded in driving the Spanish out of those towns, they soon recaptured the cities, nearly killing Bonifacio when a bullet went through his collar. Rivalry With Aguinaldo Aguinaldos faction in Cavite was in competition with a second rebel group headed by an uncle of Bonifacios wife Gregoria de Jesus. As a more successful military leader and a member of a much wealthier, more influential family, Emilio Aguinaldo felt justified in forming his own rebel government in opposition to Bonifacios. On March 22, 1897, Aguinaldo rigged an election at the rebels Tejeros Convention to show that he was the proper president of the revolutionary government. To Bonifacios shame, he not only lost the presidency to Aguinaldo but was appointed to the lowly post of secretary of the interior. When Daniel Tirona questioned his fitness even for that job based on Bonifacios lack of university education, the humiliated former president pulled out a gun and would have killed Tirona if a bystander had not stopped him. Trial and Death After Emilio Aguinaldo won the rigged election at Tejeros, Bonifacio refused to recognize the new rebel government. Aguinaldo sent a group to arrest Bonifacio; the opposition leader did not realize that they were there with ill intent, and allowed them into his camp. They shot down his brother Ciriaco, seriously beat his brother Procopio, and according to some reports also raped his young wife Gregoria. Aguinaldo had Bonifacio and Procopio tried for treason and sedition. After a one-day sham trial, in which the defense lawyer averred their guilt rather than defending them, both Bonifacios were convicted and sentenced to death. Aguinaldo commuted the death sentence on May 8 but then reinstated it. On May 10, 1897, both Procopio and Bonifacio were likely shot dead by a firing squad on Nagpatong Mountain. Some accounts say that Bonifacio was too weak to stand, due to untreated battle wounds, and was actually hacked to death in his stretcher instead. He was just 34 years old. Legacy As the first self-declared president of the independent Philippines, as well as the first leader of the Philippine Revolution, Bonifacio is a crucial figure in Filipino history. However, his exact legacy is the subject of dispute among Filipino scholars and citizens. Jose Rizal is the most widely recognized national hero of the Philippines, although he advocated a more pacifist approach to reforming Spanish colonial rule. Aguinaldo is generally cited as the first president of the Philippines, even though Bonifacio took on that title before Aguinaldo did. Some historians feel that Bonifacio has gotten short shrift and should be set beside Rizal on the national pedestal. Bonifacio has been honored with a national holiday on his birthday, however, just like Rizal. November 30 is Bonifacio Day in the Philippines. Sources Bonifacio, Andres. The Writings and Trial of Andres Bonifacio. Manila: University of the Philippines, 1963.Constantino, Letizia. The Philippines: A Past Revisited. Manila: Tala Publishing Services, 1975.Ileta, Reynaldo Clemena. Filipinos and their Revolution: Event, Discourse, and Historiography. Manila: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1998.78

Living The Asca Code Of Ethics - 881 Words

Living the ASCA Code of Ethics A.2.a. Confidentiality, A.4.a. Dual Relationships: While working on Internship in Counseling I (SC5599115SUOL), I have encountered several instances in which, boundaries have to be established in order to work with relatives. For instance, a sixth grade male, whom happens to be a distant cousin, but is aware that we are indeed related, sought me out for advice as to how to better his relationship with his mother (A.4.a. Dual Relationships). Because I knew the family offhand, I was aware of the tumultuous relationship that the child and his mother shared. However, as a professional, I could not allow my previous knowledge of his relationship with his mother cloud my judgement on how to advise the young man. I set boundaries within the first few moments of the session that dealt with the explanation of confidentiality and that his feelings and opinions were in a judgement free safe zone (A.2.a. Confidentiality). His issue was simple. He felt that his mother was not allowing him to become independent or in his words, â€Å"grow up.† To his defense, he was correct in his observation. I reasoned with him to talk with his mother in a respectful manner to address his issues with her not allowing him to gain more independence. I also advised the young man to take the initiative in showing his mother how responsible he could be in everyday occurrences. For example, instead of allowing his mother to pick out his clothes and iron them, he could pick out hisShow MoreRelatedSchool Counseling Collaborative Model5757 Words   |  24 PagesAssociation (ACA). In 1952 The American School Counselor Association (ASCA) was established. In 1958 the National Defense Education Act was passed, which increased training and hiring of school counselors. In 1964 NDEA Title A was passed, providing counseling to elementary schools. In 1997 ASCA published their National Standards, providing benchmarks for studen t’s competency in academic, career, and personal/social domains. In 2003 the ASCA National Model was published as a framework for school counselingRead More The Identity of a Professional Counselor 1777 Words   |  7 Pagessome counseling professions are available to assist clients in either recovery or transition from past difficult experiences. Resilience models have been used, in the event that a catastrophic event has happened in the past, in making adjustments in living environment, or planning improved future goals and outcomes. According to Frain et al. (2007): Focus on coping strategies as a part of a family resiliency model can help individuals and families deal with the intense accumulation of demands that isRead MoreSchool Counseling: A Case Study in Ethical Decision Making Essay2469 Words   |  10 Pagesdiverse cultural backgrounds, and differences in behaviour of their clients; stated in; The Australian Counselling Association (ACA-Au., 2008); Code of Conduct (2, 2.1), American Counselling Association (ACA, US, 2005), Code of Ethics (A.2c; B.1a; c.2a) and Education Queensland (EQ) Code of Conduct (1994) 2.1.1, and Education Queensland (EQ) (2008) Ethical Code, and Watson, Herlihy Pierce, 2006. Confidentiality Confidentiality was explained to Lorena, and also the exceptions in which, confidentialityRead MoreMorality in Education Essay1962 Words   |  8 Pagesthat has many facets, creating numerous challenges for the PSC. To begin, the idea of morality needs to be defined and some assumptions made. According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, morality is defined as ...normatively to refer to a code of conduct that, given specified conditions, would be put forward by all rational persons (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2010). Examining the definition, one can come to realize that if someone has morals, they should be following some sort

Why Louis xiv didnt appoint a principal minister free essay sample

Before Louis received absolute power, there were several principal ministers before him; these were Cardinal Richelieu-father of Nicholas Fouquet- and Mazarin. When Louis came into power in 1643, Mazarin was the current principal minister, and it was only eighteen years later in 1661 when Mazarin died did Louis receive absolute power. When Mazarin died in 1661, Nicholas Fouquet aspired to become the next principal minister, but Louis, wanting absolute power did everything he could in rder to prevent this from happening. Cardinal Jules Mazarin was born in 1602, he was a Roman and this is why there were many disputes over his role in government. One uprising was the Frondes-the French civil war- which took place from 1648 to 1653. After the Frondes, Mazarin devoted most of his time on preparing Louis to govern personally. The cardinal met Louis almost every day to discuss politics and government. Mazarin took Louis into battles and educated Louis on how to rule a government. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Louis xiv didnt appoint a principal minister or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However when Mazarin died 9th March 1661, Louis took over wanting omplete control. After Mazarins death, the position of principal ministers was empty, Louis was sure that Nicholas Fouquet wanted the role of principal minister, and so had to destroy him in order to ensure he kept 100% power. So in 1661, Louis prepared grounds for charges against Fouquet. Colbert, who also had ambition to rise in loyal service, did so, and in September 1661 Fouquet was arrested and accused of treason. After a lengthy and dramatic trial he was imprisoned for life. After Louis had destroyed Fouquet it was certain that Louis was to maintain absolute ower, which allowed him to do whatever he wanted, and meant there were no restrictions on his powers. Louis XIV believed that he was chosen by god and that he should therefore only answer to god and nobody else. Louis made sure that he was an absolute monarch by limiting the power of nobles by making them courtiers and he also abolished the use of a chief minister. Louis didnt want to appoint a chief minister as he believed that as he was king he saw that it was only fair that he could make laws as this was part of kingship. After the death of Mazarin, Louis decided that he would rule alone, and that he wouldnt choose a chief minister, which was something no French king had ever done before. This gave Louis even more power which is why he was seen as an absolute leader. As we have seen over Louis reign, he decided that he was to rule alone, we can see this because of the disappearance of Fouquet and his desire to make everyone else in parlement less powerful, which meant that he achieved absolute power. Why Louis xiv didnt appoint a principal minister By richardmealey